Glossary of common terms and phrases

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

A

Active management of labour
Interventions are used to start labour and to maintain progress in all stages of labour. It is mainly used to prevent prolonged labour and its complications.Alcohol-related birth defects
A less severe form of fetal alcohol syndrome, this is one of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders which result from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Alongside midwifery unit (AMU)
'A clinical location offering care to women with straightforward pregnancies during labour and birth in which midwives take primary professional responsibility for care. During labour and birth diagnostic and treatment medical services, including obstetric, neonatal and anaesthetic care are available, should they be needed, in the same building, or in a separate building on the same site. Transfer will normally be by trolley, bed or wheelchair.' (Healthcare Commission 2008)Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
AFP is a product of the yolk sac and fetal liver and the amount of AFP is used as a screening tool with human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (hCG) when screening for Down's syndrome in pregnancy, and also for neural tube defects (NTD) such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Current guidance is that this should be performed between 15-20 weeks gestation, with the optimum time for this test being 16 weeks' gestation. Levels of AFP are usually low in pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome, and high (2.5 multiples of the median or above) in pregnancies affected by NTDs. AFP will also be raised in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets or more).Amniocentesis
A diagnostic procedure used to obtain fetal genetic material which is carried out from 15 weeks' gestation, usually as follow-up to an abnormal screening test result. A fine needle is inserted into the abdomen and then, under direct ultrasound guidance, it is inserted into the uterine cavity so that a small sample of amniotic fluid can be obtained. The possible risks associated with the procedure, which include miscarriage, should be fully discussed with the woman and her partner and informed consent sought prior to undertaking the procedure. Amniotic fluid
The fluid in the amniotic sac which surrounds the fetus.Amniotomy
Surgical rupture of the amniotic sac for induction or acceleration of labour. Anaemia
A condition caused by a fall in the number of red blood cells and low haemoglobin levels. Symptoms of anaemia can include breathlessness and palpitations (irregular heart beat). There are two types of anaemia - iron deficiency anaemia and vitamin B12 and folate anaemia. Analgesia
Pain relief.Analgesic
A pain relieving drug.Anencephaly
A neural tube defect where part of the baby's brain does not grow and the skull does not form as it should. Babies born with anencephaly are not able to survive and die at birth or soon after. Anti-D
A manufactured, blood-derived product, which is offered to Rhesus negative women where there is concern that their blood may have had contact with blood that is Rhesus positive. This is called sensitisation or Rh isoimmunisation and it can occur in pregnancy or at the time of the birth. Anti-D can only be given as an injection. Aorto-caval compression
A term used to describe where the oxygen supply to the baby has been reduced due to pressure on the major blood vessels that go to the womb. It usually happens when a woman is lying flat on her back during the last few months of pregnancy. Apgar score
A scoring system using five items (Breathing, Colour, Heartbeat, Muscle tone, Responsiveness) that assesses the condition of the baby in the first few minutes of life. Each item is scored 0/1/2, and assessed at 1 and 5 minutes following the birth, when healthy babies should have reached the score of 10. It takes its name from Dr. Virginia Apgar, who devised the system.Assisted vaginal birth
A vaginal birth assisted by the use of forceps or ventouse.Atresia
An abnormal condition, in which a normal opening or tube in the body (as in the oesophagus, or anus), is closed or absent.Augmentation of labour
The acceleration of labour which is not progressing adequately, usually by amniotomy or the administration of a drug, an oxytocic, that will stimulate uterine contractions. The most common one is called syntocinon.

B

Baby blues
Sometimes referrred to as the 'third day blues', this is a temporary alteration in mood where women are upset and tearful. It affects the majority of women within the first few days after giving birth and should resolve without further treatment.Barrier contraception
Prevents pregnancy by physically preventing sperm from entering the uterus. Includes use of condoms and diaphragms/caps.Beta carotene
A form of vitamin A. Unlike retinol, beta carotene is safe to take in pregnancy, but you should always check with your doctor or midwife before taking vitamin A supplements.Beta hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone)
Beta hCG, 'the pregnancy hormone', is produced by the early developing placenta but can still be produced in the absence of an embryo. Beta hCG is a subunit of total hCG which can be detected in maternal plasma or urine eight to nine days after ovulation has taken place. hCG reaches a peak level at about eight to ten weeks' gestation and then declines for the remainder of the pregnancy. This enables its use in both first and second trimester Down's syndrome screening. hCG levels tend to be higher in pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome. Binge drinking
A term used to describe where women drink over 6 units of alcohol in a short period of time, for example over one day. Birth centre
A location for birth where care is provided by midwives, with a focus on normal birth as these units are not equipped to perform medical interventions, such as epidurals. Transfer to an obstetric unit is available if complications develop during labour or birth. Also known as midwifery unit or midwife-led unit.Birthing balls
A large inflatable ball that can be used by women during pregnancy and labour to sit or lean on and which can relieve discomfort, improve posture and decrease strain on muscles.Birthing pool
A small pool filled with warm water for a woman to use during labour and/or birth in a hospital, midwifery unit or at home, to help with relaxation and pain relief.Body mass index (BMI)
A calculation which tells your midwife whether your body weight is appropriate for your height. Bolus dose
A single dose of a pain relieving drug/local anaesthetic or antibiotic .Booking visit
An appointment with your midwife which takes place at the start of your pregnancy, in which you will be able to discuss options such as where to have your baby.Bradycardia
An abnormally slow heart beat. Braxton Hicks contractions
Named after the obstetrician who first described them, these are irregular uterine contractions that occur usually after the 28th week of pregnancy. They usually feel like a mild tightening sensation but can cause discomfort and then they can be mistaken for true labour. They improve blood flow to the placenta and fetus, and increase in intensity and frequency as pregnancy progresses. They are often referred to as 'false labour'.Breech position
This refers to the position of the fetus in the uterus when it is in a 'bottom down' position rather than in the more usual 'head down' position (cephalic presentation). It is common for the fetus to be in the breech position before 37 weeks of pregnancy as there is plenty of space for them to move around, but 3-4% are still in the breech position as labour becomes imminent. Also known as breech presentation.Breech presentation
See breech position.

C

Caesarean section
An operation where a cut is made in the mother's abdomen and then in the uterus in order to deliver the baby. It is also sometimes referred to just as 'caesarean', or caesarean birth.Cap
Method of barrier contraception also referred to as a 'diaphragm'. Small rubber dome which is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix to prevent conception from taking place.Caput succedaneum (caput)
A swelling on the baby's head which may occur during labour. In uncomplicated cases, this condition usually resolves itself within a week.Cardiotocograph (CTG)
An electronic monitor that can measure, record and produce a paper printout of the baby's heart rate pattern in labour and record the frequency of the mother's contractions.Catheter
A very fine soft plastic tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel to allow the drainage or injection of fluids, or the measurement of fluid pressure.Cephalic presentation
This refers to the position of the fetus in the uterus when it is in the 'head down' position. This is the most usual position for the fetus to be born in and occurs in around 97% of deliveries. Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
The fetal head is too large to pass through the mother's pelvis.Cervical dilatation
The process where the cervix thins, stretches and opens during labour. This process is described in centimetres and 10 centimetres is called fully dilated, meaning the end of the first stage of labour. Cervix
The lower part of the uterus which opens into the vagina.Chickenpox (varicella zoster)
Common, highly infectious virus, the symptoms of which include feeling generally unwell with a high temperature, before going on to develop very itchy fluid filled blisters. Chickenpox before the 20th week of pregnancy can cause developmental abnormalities in the baby. Chlamydia trachomatis
Common sexually transmitted disease with the highest rates of infection found in sexually active young women less than 25 years of age. Does not cause any symptoms, especially in women. Chlamydia infection in pregnancy is linked to premature labour and birth, smaller babies and increased risk of eye infection.Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A diagnostic procedure to obtain genetic material that can be carried out from ten to 13 weeks' gestation (RCOG 2005). A small sample of the early placental tissue is obtained either using a fine needle through the uterus (transabdominally) or with a plastic catheter or biopsy forceps through the uterine cervix (transcervically) under direct ultrasound guidance. Transabdominal CVS can be performed at gestations greater than 13 weeks (RCOG 2005). The possible risks associated with the procedure, which include miscarriage, should be fully discussed with the woman and her partner and informed consent sought prior to undertaking the procedure. Chromosomal abnormality
A congenital abnormality that is caused by errors occurring in the development and structure of rapidly dividing cells in the very early stages of pregnancy. Cognitive strategies (positive thinking)
A plan of action that uses your feelings and beliefs and offers ways that can positively affect your ability to cope with pain in labour and the birth of your baby.Combined oral contraceptive pill
A combination of the hormones oestrogen and progestogen taken by mouth to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant.Comfort measures
A number of different approaches that can help you cope with pain during labour eg the application of hot compresses or ice packs, using complementary therapies, and adopting different positions for labour and the birth.Community maternity unit
A term used in Scotland for a midwife-led unit. Community midwifery unit
The term used in Northern Ireland for a midwife-led unit.Condom
Method of barrier contraception. A protective rubber sheath worn over the penis during sexual intercourse to prevent conception and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.Congenital abnormality
A term used to describe a condition that is present at birth. This may be the result of a hereditary disease, the environment in the womb, or chromosomal abnormalities.Continuity of care
The care given to a woman from the midwifery services from the time of her first booking appointment until she is discharged to the care of the health visiting services. The term not only refers to the consistency of care you will receive during pregnancy, but also the care you receive in labour from midwives who are known to you.Contraception
The prevention of conception.Contraceptive injection
There are two main types of injectable contraceptive, but Depo Provera is the most commonly used in the UK. It needs to be injected every 12 weeks.Contraction
The term given to the temporary shortening of the muscle fibres which, in pregnancy, return to their original length when relaxed and in labour remain slightly shorter (called retraction). Uterine contractions during pregnancy (Braxton Hicks contractions) are usually mild or painless and occur irregularly, whereas contractions during labour are painful and usually become regular.Cretinism
A neurological condition where the fetus does not develop properly because of a lack of iodine in your diet during pregnancy.Crown rump length (CRL)
This is a linear measurement taken from the crown of the head to the rump of the fetus either using transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound. This is commonly used to ascertain gestational age before the 13th week of pregnancy when the CRL is most accurate. Cytomegalovirus
This is one of the herpes viruses. Symptoms include general flu-like illness. Infection in pregnancy may cause lung or hearing problems in the baby, reduced growth, jaundice or liver disease.

D

Detection rate (DR) (also referred to as the 'screen positive rate' or sensitivity)
The proportion of people with a known condition and where a screening test has correctly identified this (a positive test result). The rate is usually made into a percentage which will then show the reliability of the screening test. Diabetes mellitus
A condition where there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood because the body is not able to convert it as a source of energy. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1, where the body cannot produce insulin, the hormone which allows glucose to enter the cells where it is to be used as fuel by the body, and Type 2, where the body produces insufficient amounts of insulin, or when the insulin the body produces does not work properly (insulin resistance). Type 2 diabetes is often associated with being over-weight, and usually affects people over 40 years of age. When diabetes occurs for the first time during pregnancy, this is known as gestational diabetes.Diagnostic test
A test that is normally offered as a follow-up to a screening test, which has indicated a possible abnormal condition. Diagnostic tests such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are offered to provide definitive results for the confirmation of chromosomal or genetic abnormalities. Diaphragm
Method of barrier contraception also referred to as a 'cap'. Small rubber dome which is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix to prevent conception from taking place.Doppler, hand-held
Electronic device that uses sound (sonic) waves to listen to the fetal heart rate. The device is placed on the abdomen and then everyone present can hear the fetal heartbeat. Doula
A trained lay attendant who can provide continuous, non-medical, physical, social and informational support to women and their partners during pregnancy, labour and birth. Doulas can also provide postnatal support.Down's syndrome
A chromosomal abnormality that affects chromosome 21. Down's syndrome can occur in three ways: Trisomy 21 - in which all the cells in the body have an extra chromosome 21. About 94% of people with Down's syndrome have this type. Translocation - in which extra chromosome 21 material is attached to another chromosome. Around 4% of people with Down's syndrome have this type. Mosaic - in which only some of the cells have extra chromosome 21 material. About 2% of people with Down's syndrome have this type. The type of genetic variation that children experience does not significantly alter the effect of Down's syndrome. Infants affected by Down's syndrome have distinctive facial features accompanied by varying levels of learning disability. The condition is often associated with lung and heart problems. For further information visit the Down's Syndrome Association website: http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk Dyspareunia
Pain or discomfort experienced during sexual intercourse.Dystocia
Labour does not progress as expected.

E

Edward's syndrome
A genetic disorder in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, resulting in severe mental disability. Babies who have Edward's syndrome nearly always have problems with their heart, lungs and digestive system. Typical characteristics are a small head, a flat forehead and receding chin.Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM)
The process of listening to and recording the fetal heartbeat using a cardiotocograph (CTG).Emergency contraception
Also referred to as the 'morning after pill'. Not needed if you have unprotected sex or a contraceptive failure in the first 21 days after giving birth. After this time, however, standard emergency contraception is prescribed and should be taken within 72 hours of having unprotected sex. Can be prescribed either as tablets or as an intrauterine device. Endometris
An infection of the womb.Entonox (gas and air)
This is used as pain relief in labour. It is a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide that is inhaled through a mouthpiece or face mask: you can choose which you would prefer to use. Epidural
A method of pain relief where anaesthetic or pain relieving (or both) drugs are injected into the space around the spinal cord to numb the nerve endings so that the pain of labour contractions are no longer felt. It is accompanied by a degree of loss of feeling in the legs and some inability to move about. See also mobile epidural. Episiotomy
A cut made at the time of the birth between the vagina and the anus to enlarge the vagina and assist delivery of the baby.Estimated due date (EDD)
The estimated date for your baby's birth, calculated from the first day of your last menstrual period. The length of a pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks (280 days).Expectant management ('watchful waiting') for prolonged pregnancy
Labour is not induced, and the pregnancy is allowed to continue beyond 41 weeks, with regular monitoring of the health of the mother and fetus.Expectant management ('watchful waiting') of the third stage of labour
This method relies on the normal physiological processes of labour in expelling the placenta and membranes.External cephalic version
This is the practice of 'turning' a fetus from the 'bottom down' (breech) position to the 'head down' (cephalic) position in the womb by pushing it gently from the outside.

F

False negative
In the context of antenatal screening, this is where the fetus does have the condition (is affected), but the test results do not show this (ie negative test results).False Positive Rate (FPR)
The proportion of people who do not have a known condition but where a screening test has incorrectly identified that they have it with a positive test result (as above). The rate is usually made into a percentage which will then show the reliability of the screening test.False positives
In the context of antenatal screening, this is where the fetus does not have the condition (is unaffected), but the test results suggest it does (ie positive test results). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
A term used to describe the full range of disorders that can affect a baby as a result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Covers everything from the most serious fetal alcohol syndrome to more minor alcohol-related birth defects. Fetal alcohol syndrome
One of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, this is a collection of abnormalities that can affect a baby as a result of heavy maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. These include facial abnormalities, severe learning difficulties and problems with hearing or sight. Babies affected by fetal alcohol syndrome are also inclined to be smaller than average at birth.Fetal blood sampling (FBS)
A test that is used with electronic fetal monitoring when there are more serious concerns about how the fetus is coping with the labour contractions. The test involves taking a small sample of blood from the top of the fetal head, or bottom if they are breech, and measuring it to see how much oxygen is in it. Fetal electrocardiotocograph (ECG)
A monitor which shows the exact wave pattern contained in a single heartbeat. Fetal malposition
A term meaning that the fetus is in the wrong position in the womb, and normal progress in labour may be difficult.Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO)
A procedure used to assess fetal well-being during labour, which involves inserting a probe into the vagina alongside the fetal head to show how much oxygen the fetus is getting and how well the fetus is coping with labour contractions.Fetal scalp electrode
A small clip that is fixed to the fetal head or bottom during labour to get a more accurate reading of the heart rate. First stage of labour
The period from the onset of labour until the cervix is fully dilated. Also known as Labour stage, first.First trimester
The first three months of pregnancy. Folic acid
A 'B' vitamin that protects your baby against birth defects (spina bifida) at the time when the brain and nervous system are developing. Department of Health recommendations are that you should take a tablet containing 400 micrograms or 0.4 milligrams of folic acid per day if you are planning to, or likely to, become pregnant, as it is difficult to obtain adequate amounts of folic acid from your daily food intake.Folic acid deficiency
This condition may occur because the body is unable to absorb folic acid because of drugs or high alcohol consumption or where there is not enough folic acid in the diet.Forceps
A tong-like instrument with curved ends to cradle the baby's head that can be used to assist the delivery of a baby. The woman is placed in the lithotomy position for this type of delivery. Freestanding midwifery unit (FMU) (also referred to as a 'stand-alone unit')
'A clinical location offering care to women with straightforward pregnancies during labour and birth in which midwives take primary professional responsibility for care. General practitioners may also be involved in care. During labour and birth the full range of diagnostic and treatment services, including obstetric, neonatal and anaesthetic care, are not immediately available but are located on a separate site should they be needed. Transfer will normally involve car or ambulance.' (Healthcare Commission 2008)

G

Gestational age
The age in weeks of the fetus.Gestational diabetes
Diabetes arising during pregnancy, which resolves when the baby is born.GP Unit
A term used in Scotland for midwife-led unit.Group A streptococci
A less common bacteria than Group B streptococci as it affects only a few people, it is particularly serious for women after childbirth. Treatment is by antibiotics.Group B streptococci infections (group B strep)
Bacteria commonly found in the rectum and vagina but which do not usually cause the person any harm. Most people are unaware they have the infection but for pregnant women, if this is present at the point where the membranes are ruptured or where they are in labour it can cause severe illness and, on rare occasions, death in a newborn baby.Guthrie test
A test to detect abnormal conditions in the baby's metabolism. This includes phenylketonuria and iodine deficiency, which can cause cretinism. A blood sample is taken from the baby's heel when it is at least five days old, and has been taking milk feeds for at least five days.

H

Haemoglobin
Present in red blood cells, its main function is to carry oxygen to all the cells of the body. The technical make up of the haemoglobin molecule is two globin (protein) chains (2 alpha- and 2 beta-globin) and haem (a red pigment that contains iron).Haemoglobinopathies
A term that is used to describe disorders in the production of the globin chains of haemoglobin. These disorders are inherited genetically, with some people being affected by the disease and others being carriers.Haemolytic disease of the newborn
A rare blood disorder in the baby usually associated with the effects of Rhesus or blood group incompatibility .Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
A rare but very serious condition that affects 1 in 10,000 babies. It is now more commonly referred to as vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).Hepatitis B
A highly infectious virus that infects the liver. It can be carried in a range of body fluids such as blood, saliva and urine and can be transmitted during sex, across the placenta in pregnancy and when the skin surface is punctured, eg accidental needle stick injury, or contamination of tattoos through infected body piercing equipment. Hepatitis B can also be transmitted through breast milk.Hepatitis C
One of the main causes of liver disease in the UK. There are very specific risk factors associated with becoming affected: previous injecting drug use: blood transfusion outside Western Europe and tattooing or piercing with infected equipment. Hereditary disease
A congenital abnormality that is passed on through the genetic make up of family members.Herpes simplex virus (herpes)
A highly contagious virus that causes infection and forms pustules. The most common ulcerative sexually transmitted infection in the UK. When it is in the genital area there is a risk that it will be passed on to the newborn baby during labour and/or childbirth. It is also linked to premature birth.Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
A slow-acting virus contained in blood and bodily fluids that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV can be transferred through the body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk.Hydrocephaly
An abnormal increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity, which is accompanied by expansion of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the skull, Hyperbilirubinaemia
Excess levels of bilirubin, which is produced from the breakdown of red blood cells .Hyperemesis gravidarum
Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.Hypertension
High blood pressure.Hypoxia
Reduced levels of oxygen in the body's tissues

I

In utero
Inside the womb.Independent midwife
A midwife who is self-employed. Independent midwives do not work for the NHS and they charge a fee for their services.Induction of labour
This is a medical intervention used to bring about the birth of the baby, usually by administering drugs or by breaking the waters (rupture of the membranes). However, there are a number of other methods that aim to stimulate the body towards labour, ranging from traditional remedies and 'old wives' tales' to alternative therapies such as the use of herbs, homeopathy and acupuncture. It is not advised to use any of these without seeking information from a midwife, medical practitioner or trained alternative therapist. Intradermal water injections
Water injections that may be offered to you if you are experiencing lower back pain during your labour.Intrapartum care
Care given during labour.Intrauterine device (IUD)
Copper-based hormonal contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus by a specially trained health care professional. Prevents implantation of the ovum. See also intrauterine system.Intrauterine growth retardation (small for gestational age) (SGA))
The fetus does not develop as expected with regard to increasing weight, size and bone length.Intrauterine system (IUS)
Small, plastic device, very similar to a contraceptive coil, that is inserted into the uterus by a specially trained health care professional. Prevents implantation. One type of IUS is Mirena. See also intrauterine device - IUD.Intravenous infusion
The introduction of a fluid directly into a vein. Also known as a 'drip'.

J

Jaundice
Yellow discolouration of the skin caused by excessive levels of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the blood and tissues.

K

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L

Lactational amenorrhoea
A method of contraception based on natural postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman has not had a period since she gave birth and is breastfeeding exclusively (ie the baby is only receiving breast milk).Listeria
A bacteria contained in some soft, mould-ripened cheeses, such as Brie and Camembert, and blue veined cheeses such as Stilton. Listeria can cause miscarriage or illness in the newborn baby.Lithotomy position
A position for labour where the woman lies on the bed in a semi-recumbent position and her legs are supported by slings or stirrups. Women are asked to adopt this position if they need an assisted vaginal birth (forceps or ventouse). Lochia
Postnatal vaginal fluid loss, which initially is a fresh red blood loss which then changes in amount and colour. It should no longer be present 4-6 weeks after the birth.

M

Mastitis
Inflammation of the breasts, often caused by an infection which should be treated by antibiotics.Meconium
Greenish black stools present in the fetal intestinal tract, which can be passed while still in the uterus, or within the first few days of life.Meconium aspiration
Breathing problems caused if the fetus breathes meconium into their lungs at the point of birth. This can be a serious condition. Megacystis
A rare condition that is identified by an abnormally large or distended bladder.Microcephaly
An abnormality of fetal development characterised by a smaller than normal brain enclosed within a skull of reduced size.Midwife led unit
A location for birth where care is provided by midwives, with a focus on normal birth as these units are not equipped to perform medical interventions, such as epidurals. Transfer to an obstetric unit is available if complications develop during labour or birth. Also known as midwifery unit or birth centre.Midwifery unit
See 'midwife led unit.'Mirena
Also referred to as the intrauterine system (IUS). This is a small, plastic device, very similar to a contraceptive coil but which contains progesterone. It is inserted into the uterus by a specially trained health care professional. The progesterone is released into the uterus and will prevent implantation of the ovum.Miscarriage
Death of the fetus that occurs before the 24th week of pregnancy, ie before the fetus is legally viable.Mobile epidural
A method of pain relief where a low concentration of anaesthetic with or without added pain relieving drugs are inserted into the space around the spinal cord, allowing the mother to be mobile during labour and free of pain from contractions, although pain relief may not be as complete as with a conventional epidural. Moxibustion
A complementary therapy used to encourage a fetus in the breech position to turn to become head down. It involves holding burning moxa sticks, made from the herb known as mugwort, over appropriate acupuncture points.Multiparous
Having previously given birth to more than one baby of at least 24 weeks gestation .Multiple pregnancy
Two or more fetuses (twins, triplets etc) are carried in the same pregnancy.

N

Natural childbirth
An approach to labour and delivery without reliance on medical intervention, technology and analgesia in labour. Both parents are encouraged to take part in and share the experience of childbirth.Natural family planning
Method of contraception that requires special instruction before couples can use it. Women also need to have good awareness of their own body and menstrual cycle. At some points in the menstrual cycle, couples may need to use condoms or avoid sexual intercourse altogether.Neural tube defects
A term used to describe where a baby's spine, skull or brain does not develop as it should, causing spina bifida or anencephaly.Normal childbirth (spontaneous vaginal birth)
A birth 'spontaneous in onset, low-risk at the start of labour and remaining so throughout labour and delivery. The infant is born spontaneously in the vertex position between 37 and 42 completed weeks of pregnancy. After birth mother and infant are in good condition'. (World Health Organization 1996)Nuchal translucency measurement (NT)
A measurement, taken using ultrasound, of the collection of fluid at the back of the unborn baby's neck that is present up to around 14 weeks of pregnancy. There is a link between the size of this collection of fluid and the presence of Down's syndrome, heart defects and other chromosomal abnormalities in babies. Nulliparous
Never having given birth to a child of 24 weeks of more gestation, although there may have been a previous pregnancy which ended in miscarriage or termination.

O

Oblique (transverse) lie
The fetal spine is not in line with the spine of the mother but where the fetus lies diagonally in the womb. Obstetric unit (OU)
'A clinical location in which care is provided by a team, with obstetricians taking primary professional responsibility for women at high risk of complications during labour and birth. Midwives offer care to all women in an OU, whether or not they are considered at high or low-risk, and take primary responsibility for women with straightforward pregnancies during labour and birth. Diagnostic and treatment medical services including obstetric, neonatal and anaesthetic care are available on site.' (Healthcare Commission 2008)Oligohydramnios
A reduced amount of amniotic fluid. This condition is associated with some fetal malformations.Oral contraception
Medications taken by mouth in order to prevent pregnancy. There are two types of oral contraceptives available: combined oral contraceptive pill and progesterone only pill.Osteoporosis
A thinning of the bones that leads to an increase in the risk of fracture.

P

PAPP-A (Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A)
PAPP-A is a placental protein generally present in lower concentrations in Down's syndrome affected pregnancies. The optimum time to measure PAPP-A is at ten weeks' gestation.Partogram
A record used by health professionals to assess progress in labour, particularly cervical dilatation.Parvovirus B19 (slapped cheek syndrome)
Infection transmitted through coughing and sneezing or by hand to mouth contact. Symptoms include flu-like illness followed by development of a bright red rash across the face, which gives the condition its label 'slapped cheek'. Contracting parvovirus in the early weeks of pregnancy is associated with higher levels of miscarriage.Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
A method of allowing the labouring woman to control her own pain relief by 'topping up' the dose using a hand-held device when she starts to feel pain. Perineal tear
A tear to the perineum.Perineum
A term used to describe the skin and muscle area between the vagina and the anus.Persona
A small handheld computer that can be bought from chemists with urine testing sticks that measure hormonal changes in a woman's urine. Used to predict fertile and non-fertile times and therefore can be used as a method of contraception, although couples may still need to use condoms or avoid sexual intercourse altogether at certain points of the menstrual cycle.Pethidine
A drug most commonly used for pain relief in labour. It is usually given by injection into the leg or bottom.Phenylketonuria
Inherited metabolic disorder which prevents the normal breakdown of protein in food, which, left untreated, can cause problems with the baby's brain development. Women should be offered the heel prick test (Guthrie test) soon after birth, which includes screening for this condition. It can be treated using a restricted diet.Pinard stethoscope
A trumpet shaped instrument used by midwives to listen to the baby's heart rate through the mother's abdominal wall.Placenta
A large, glandular organ which usually forms in the upper segment of the uterus by the 12th week of pregnancy and is attached to the baby by the umbilical cord. It shares circulation with the fetus and its purpose is to provide the fetus with everything it needs to survive. After the baby is born the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is delivered during the third stage of labour.Placenta accreta
A condition where the placenta grows into the uterine muscle, making separation difficult.Placenta praevia
A condition where the placenta is positioned over, or near to the neck of the womb (cervix). This could prevent the cervix from dilating, and mean a risk of greater blood loss and can affect how your baby will be born.Plasma
A fluid which carries blood cells, plus other substances, to and from the cells of the body.Polyhydramnios
Increased amounts of amniotic fluid that may also indicate the presence of a fetal abnormality Postmaturity
Where the pregnancy is prolonged past the estimated date of delivery. This can affect the well-being of the fetus in labour where the placenta function is beginning to fail.Postnatal depression
Refers to a negative mood and loss of motivation experienced by around 10% of women after birth. It can start from between 10 days and six months after childbirth and can last up to two years. Postnatal depression (or PND) can develop into a longer-term mental health problem.Postpartum haemorrhage
Heavy blood loss that can occur after giving birth.Pre-eclampsia
A condition where the blood pressure rises (hypertension) and where there are problems with kidney function: if untreated it can lead to the serious condition called eclampsia. Progestogen-only pill
Method of contraception taken by mouth, containing the synthetic hormone progestogen, without any oestrogen, to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant. It can be taken by women who are breastfeedingProlonged pregnancy (post-term pregnancy)
A pregnancy that continues for more than 42 weeks (294 days).Puerperal psychosis
A rare, but serious mental illness that can follow childbirth, affecting one or two women in every 1000. It requires urgent referral for treatment. Puerperium
The time from the birth of the baby until six weeks after, when the physiological changes that occurred during pregnancy return to their pre-pregnant state.Pyrexia
Where the underarm body temperature is measured at more than 37.2ºC (99ºF).

Q

Quadruple test
A screening test which measures the levels of four serum biochemical markers present in maternal blood. The combination of these markers is used to predict the chance of having a baby affected by Down's syndrome.

R

Retinol
A form of vitamin A found in liver, liver pate and sausages, fish liver oils and some supplements. Very high intakes (over 700 micrograms) of this form of the vitamin have been linked with birth defects.Rhesus isoimmunisation
This occurs when a baby's RhD positive cells in a RhD negative woman's blood cause a reaction known as 'sensitisation' or 'isoimmunisation'.Rhesus positive/negative
Alongside the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, O) is the Rhesus factor (Rh), with the D antigen being the most important. If you have this factor you are described as being RhD positive, and if you do not have it you are RhD negative.Rubella (German measles)
Viral infection with flu-like symptoms and a rash covering the whole body. Can affect the very young developing fetus, causing a range of abnormalities referred to as congenital rubella syndrome. Every woman receiving antenatal care in the UK will be offered a blood test to identify whether she is immune to rubella.Rupture of the membranes
A term used to describe breaking the waters surrounding the fetus .

S

Salmonella
A bacteria found in raw or partially cooked eggs, eg in home-made mayonnaise, tiramisu and mousse, which should be avoided in pregnancy.Screening test
Screening in the context of pregnancy care is offered to women to determine their risk of being affected by a range of conditions, most of which can be identified in the early stages of fetal development. This means that the test is available to those where there is no pre-existing awareness of risk, or knowledge of being affected, as well as those who are already affected by a condition or complications, or who have known risk factors for these. Screening tests should only be undertaken where informed consent has been sought. They should identify individuals who are unaffected as well as those who appear to be at increased risk. The results from the positive screening test should assist women, their partners, and health professionals to make decisions about whether there is a need for further diagnostic tests (see above). Second stage of labour
The stage lasting from the full dilation of the cervix to the birth of the baby. Also known as Labour stage, second.Second trimester
The second three months of pregnancy. Semi-recumbent
A position for labour where the woman is in the reclining position, half sitting up and propped up with pillows.Sensitivity (also referred to as 'detection rate')
Sensitivity refers to how good a test is at correctly identifying people who have a disorder. For example, where a test has correctly identified 24 out of 30 people with a positive finding (who have the disorder), the sensitivity of the test is calculated as 80% (24/30). The higher the sensitivity rate, the more accurate the test is considered to be.Serum biochemical markers
In the context of pregnancy, various substances which are present in the maternal blood and can be measured to assess the chance of the baby being affected by a particular condition.Shoulder dystocia
A complication which can occur during the birth after the baby's head has been born but where there is no further movement because the shoulders are stuck. This might be because of a bigger than average baby, or because the mother's pelvic shape means less room for the shoulders to turn slightly which is what enables the baby's shoulders and body to be born.Sickle cell disorders
These are caused when the haemoglobin is not round as normal but has been described as being the shape of a sickle (haemoglobin S (HbS)). There are various types of sickle cell disorders and these affect the quality of haemoglobin that is produced. Sickle cell disease mainly affects people who are of African or West Indian origin.Soft marker
A soft marker is defined here as an ultrasound finding at 18-22 weeks' gestation, which increases the risk of the fetus having a chromosomal anomaly (usually trisomy 21, 18 or 13).Specificity (also referred to as the 'true negative')
Specificity determines how good the test is at correctly identifying people who are unaffected by a disorder. For example, where the test correctly identifies 56 out of 70 people who tested negative (who do not have the disorder), the specificity of this test is 80% (56/70). The higher the specificity rate, the more accurate the test is considered to be.Spina bifida
A neural tube defect where part of the baby's spinal cord is malformed 'open' or 'closed'.Spontaneous vaginal birth
See 'Normal childbirth.'Stand-alone unit
See Freestanding midwifery unit (FMU).Sterilisation
A permanent method of contraception for either the woman or the man.Stress incontinence
Leakage of urine when coughing, sneezing, laughing.Support in labour
This usually refers to the use of human resources to offer companionship, empathy and help during labour.Sweeping the membranes
A method of encouraging the onset of labour, usually at the point of 40 weeks or beyond, whereby the membranes are separated from the inside of the cervix during an internal examination. Although slightly uncomfortable, it should not be a painful procedure.Symphysis
Part of the pelvic girdle which lies between the pubic bones. During pregnancy, the symphysis softens, which has the effect of slightly increasing the size of the pelvis for childbirth.Symphysis pubis dysfunction (SPD)
Excessive softening of the cartilage with softening of the pubic bones leading to destabilisation of the joint which causes considerable pain.Syntocinon (Oxytocin)
A drug used to stimulate the uterus to contract, usually given in diluted form through an intravenous infusion (drip). Syntometrine
A mixture of two drugs (ergometrine and oxytocin), given to women for management of the third stage of labour.Syphilis
Sexually transmitted infection that, although still relatively rare in the UK, occurs in inner cities where people are more exposed to the risk factors. Syphilis in pregnancy can be treated effectively with antibiotics.

T

Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart beat leading to an increased pulse rate.Teratogen
Substance that will cause fetal abnormalities if ingested or inhaled.Thalassaemia
This occurs when there is not enough working haemoglobin, which leads to an increasing level of anaemia and subsequent poor health. There are two major and two minor types of thalassaemia - alpha thalassaemia major, beta thalassaemia major, alpha thalassaemia minor and beta thalassaemia minor. Thalassaemia is most commonly found in people from the Mediterranean, Africa and the Middle and Far East.Third day blues
Sometimes referred to as the 'baby blues', this is a temporary alteration in mood that affects the majority of women within the first few days after giving birth.Third trimester
The final three months of pregnancy.Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel with part of a blood clot which has broken off and then circulates in the blood. This occurs most often in the deep veins of the legs (DVT) and requires urgent treatment.Toxoplasmosis
An infection caused by the toxoplasma parasite, which can cause miscarriage, and brain damage or blindness in babies. Infection enters the body through the intestines as a result of contact with soil, cat faeces, sheep during the lambing season and undercooked meat products which are infected with Toxoplasma gondii (a single cell parasite).Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
A TENS unit is a hand-held, battery operated device that transmits electrical impulses to the lower back through four surface electrodes and can be used as a form of pain relief. The intensity of the electrical impulses can be set at a level which will reduce your awareness of contractions during labour.Traverse lie
See Oblique lie.Trimester, first
See First trimester.Trimester, second
See Second trimester.Trimester, third
See Third trimester.Triple test
A screening test which measures the levels of three serum biochemical markers present in maternal blood. The combination of these markers is used to predict the chance of having a baby affected by Down's syndrome.Tuberculosis (TB)
Highly infectious bacterial disease caused by the Myobacterium tuberculosis complex. Usually affects the lungs and those infected are likely to have a persistent cough. Babies can be infected around the time of birth if the mother already has TB. A midwife will ask about any family history of TB at the booking visit. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)
Fetal transfusion syndrome is a rare condition that occurs only in identical twins (monozygotic). It occurs in utero and involves the transfer of blood from one twin to the other. Depending on the number, type and direction of the interconnecting blood vessels in the placenta, more blood can be transferred to one twin, leaving the second twin with less. This has a direct effect on that twin's development and growth and decreases urinary output leading to a lower than normal level of amniotic fluid. For the twin with increased blood volume, this can cause heart failure and there might also be an increased urinary output, which can lead to excessive amounts of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) .

U

Ultrasound
This is where high frequency sound waves greater that that of the upper limit of the human audible range (more than 20 kHz) are used to project an image of the developing fetus in utero. High frequency sound waves, directed at the body, are able to pass through liquid and soft tissues, but not solid objects. When the ultrasound hits a dense or solid object, such as a heart valve, its deflection produces an echo. The varying strengths of these echoes are reflected according to the density of the object. A computer is used to translate this reflected ultrasound into an image.Umbilical cord
This is where three blood vessels (two arteries and one vein) are covered in jelly and membrane to form a cord connecting the fetus with the placenta. This enables transfer of oxygen and nutrients between the mother and the fetus.Uterus
See womb.

V

Vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC)
Vaginal birth after caesarean section in a previous pregnancy.Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
Common, highly infectious virus, the symptoms of which include feeling generally unwell with a high temperature, before going on to develop very itchy fluid filled blisters. Chickenpox before the 20th week of pregnancy can cause developmental abnormalities in the fetus.Ventouse
A suction cup which fits on to the baby's head and is used to assist birth, when there has been slow progress in the second stage. The woman is usually placed in the lithotomy position for this type of delivery. Vertex
The top of the fetal head.Vertex position
The fetus is positioned so that the vertex is the first part to appear during birth. This is the most favourable position for birth as it means the smallest diameter of the skull is going through the pelvis.Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a substance that is naturally present in the body. It plays an important part in helping blood to clot: for example, if you cut yourself, vitamin K helps the blood to form a clot, which stops the bleeding and allows the skin to start healing. Newborn babies are born with low levels of this vitamin, which can leave them vulnerable to vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Vitamin K can be given to babies soon after birth in order to prevent this condition.Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB)
A rare but very serious condition that affects 1 in 10,000 babies usually within the first six months of life. A baby who develops this condition might have excessive bleeding from their umbilical cord, or a nosebleed, or have unexpected bruises. Some babies may also have jaundice (a yellow tinge to their skin) which lasts for much longer than usual and their urine may be dark brown, while their stools (poo) are pale, clay or chalk-coloured. VKDB can be prevented by giving babies vitamin K orally or via an injection.

W

Water birth
A method where the mother labours, and may give birth to the baby in water to achieve relaxation and pain relief.Womb
Also known as the uterus. It is a pear-shaped, hollow, muscular organ, found in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum.

X

Y

Z